ALAF CORRIDOR TRADING AND SERVICES

KENAPA MASALAH INI PERLU DIKAWAL DENGAN ?

 

Masalah utama yang disebabkan oleh burung merpati ialah masalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh najis burung. Terdapat lebih 60 penyakit berjangkit yang boleh disebabkan oleh najis burung (terutamanya najis burung merpati) dan ada di antaranya boleh menyebabkan kematian seperti Ornithosis (Pittacosis) dan Weil, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, St. Louis Enchephalitis dan Salmonellosis.

 

Masalah kedua ialah masalah bawaan burung itu sendiri. Contoh yang paling dikenali ialah Penyakit Selsema Burung yang telah mengorbankan ramai orang baru-baru ini.

 

Burung juga menyebabkan masalah pepijat (Bed-Bugs – Cimex Lectularius) atau hama (Chicken Mite – Darmanyssus Gallinea) dan pembiakan parasit (Yellow Meal Worms – Tenebrio Molitor) serta serangga perosak seperti lipas, tikus dan sebagainya.

 

Selain itu, burung menyebabkan masalah kekotoran di kawasan tenggekan dan kerumunan dan pencemaran bau. Tahi burung adalah jenis kotoran berasid dan boleh menyebabkan kerosakan peralatan dan peningkatan kos penyelenggaraan.

 

Pihak berkuasa juga boleh bertindak ke atas lokasi-lokasi yang mempunyai masalah burung dan mungkin tindakan undang-undang akan diambil.

 

Di sesetengah tempat, terdapat binatang pemangsa seperti ular dan lain-lain ditemui mencari makanan di kawasan yang menjadi kawasan pembiakan burung

  

CADANGAN KAWALAN

 

Kami mencadangkan supaya satu kaedah KAWALAN SECARA BERSEPADU DENGAN GABUNGAN BEBERAPA JENIS HALANGAN di lokasi ini.

 

Kawasan Cucur Atap Bumbung

 

1. Memasang halangan berbentuk jaring (nylon atau besi) di semua kawasan yang dikenalpasti sebagai pintu masuk burung merpati ke dalam bangunan. Jaring yang sedang dipasang haruslah berupaya menutup semua tempat yang berpotensi menjadi laluan masuk burung.
2. Di kawasan tenggekan seperti rabung, paip air hujan, ‘gutter’ dan ‘ledges’, ‘spike’ besi atau ‘bird wire’ akan dipasang bagi menghalang burung merpati hinggap dan cuba untuk masuk semula ke dalam bangunan.
3. Memasang penghalang burung berbentuk ‘Spike’ atau   ‘Bird Wire’ di palang besi di atas bumbung bagi mengelakkan burung hinggap dan terus mengotorkan kawasan tersebut.
4. Sekiranya perlu, gel penghalau burung jenis ‘Coldfeet’ akan digunakan.

PRA-SYARAT KAWALAN BURUNG

 

KEBERSIHAN

 

Sebelum sebarang aktiviti kawalan burung dilaksanakan, kawasan tersebut hendaklah dipastikan BERSIH SEPENUHNYAdaripada najis burung atau petanda-petanda lain yang boleh menarik semula burung ke tempat tersebut.

 

Sarang burung, anak-anak burung, bangkai burung, najis burung dan bau burung perlu dipastikan telah dibersihkan sepenuhnya. Begitu juga kawasan perlu dibersihkan dari punca-punca makanan, sampah, ranting kayu, daun-daun dan apa-apa saja yang boleh menyebabkan burung kembali semula ke lokasi terebut.

 

Perlulah dijelaskan disini, pembersihan rutin yang dilaksanakan MUNGKINbelum mencukupi untuk dikategorikan sebagai BERSIH SEPENUHNYA.Pihak kami bersedia untuk memberi khidmat nasihat sehingga pihak pembersihan menepati kehendak kebersihan yang diperlukan.

Cockroaches and Their Management

P. G. Koehler, F. M. Oi and D. Branscome

 

Cockroaches are pests throughout the Nations. They are annoying and, when abundant, they are also destructive. Cockroaches, also known as waterbugs, croton bugs, or palmetto bugs, destroy food and damage fabrics, book bindings, and other materials. When cockroaches run over food they leave filth and may spread disease. They secrete an oily liquid that has an offensive and sickening odor that may ruin food. This odor may also be imparted to dishes that are apparently clean. Excrement in the form of pellets or an ink-like liquid also contributes to this nauseating odor. Some people are allergic to cockroaches and become ill.

 

Kinds of Cockroaches

 

The kinds of cockroaches most commonly found in and around Florida homes are the Florida Woods Roach, American, Smokybrown , Brown, Australian, German and Asian. The smallest cockroaches, the German, Asian, and Brownbanded , are close to the same size and the adults are seldom more than 5/8″ long. The larger cockroaches, the American, Australian, Brown, and the Smokybrown, are 1 1/4″ – 2″ long and are often called palmetto bugs. Though they are generally found outdoors, they can become an indoor problem when they migrate or are carried indoors.

 

The largest cockroach, the Florida woods roach, will also enter dwellings from the outside or from beneath the house. Outdoor cockroaches do not survive well indoors and many times people overreact to the presence of these cockroaches. Often, removal of these outdoor cockroaches from the house is all that is needed for control.

The Asian cockroach looks very much like a German Cockroach, except it flies. Asian cockroaches are attracted to the lights in your home. They will fly to porch lights and find their way inside. Once inside, however, their survival is poor like other outdoor cockroaches. Development of the Cockroach The cockroach has three life stages: the egg, nymph, and adult. Cockroach eggs are deposited in groups in a leathery case or capsule called an ootheca.

   

This capsule is usually dropped or glued to some surface by the female as soon as it is formed; however, the female German cockroach carries the capsule protruding from her body until the eggs are ready to hatch. There may be from 30 to 48 eggs in the capsule of the German cockroach, but capsules of other cockroaches may have only 10-28 eggs. The newly hatched nymphs have no wings and shed their skins (molt) several times before becoming winged adults. German and Brownbanded cockroaches may have several generations per year, but the outdoor species may require a year to develop from egg to adult.

 

Where to Look for Cockroaches

 

Cockroaches hide in dark, sheltered places during the day and come out to feed at night. They may be found around the kitchen sink or drain board, in cracks around or underneath cupboards and cabinets or inside them (especially in the upper corners), behind drawers, around pipes or conduits (where they pass along the wall or go through it), behind windows or door frames, behind loose baseboards or molding strips, on the underside of tables and chairs, in the bathroom, and in radio and TV cabinets.

The German cockroach is usually found in the kitchen and bathroom, although it may be found all over the house. The other kinds of cockroaches prefer damp, warm places and usually develop in garages, sewers, attics, storerooms and similar locations. They

then enter the home from outside breeding sites.

 

Methods of Cockroach Control

 

An IPM approach is the most effective method of cockroach control. The least effective control method is the use of chemicals alone. Using chemicals alone results in insecticide resistance and, ultimately, very poor control.

 

Homeowners may undertake their own IPM plan for cockroach control with good success, or they may elect to contract the services of a professional pest control operator. Professionals have the equipment and training to do a thorough job and have access to products not available to homeowners. If you decide to contract the services of a professional pest control operator, get estimates from several reputable firms before you decide on one.

 

Prevention and Sanitation

 

Successful cockroach control requires prevention and sanitation. Vacuuming will eliminate cockroach skins and feces that cause cockroach allergies. Cockroach feces also contains a chemical (aggregation pheromone) that attracts cockroaches to an area. Eliminating the cockroach feces by scrubbing with hot, soapy water will decrease the amount of aggregation pheromone available to attract cockroaches to the area.

 

Prevention and sanitation can be divided into four categories: exclusion and elimination of food, water, and harborage. Following the recommendations in the four categories will likely eliminate the most important factors that affect cockroach establishment.

 

Exclusion

 

• German ockroaches can initially infest a structure when infested grocery bags are brought inside. Inspect groceries for cockroaches before storing. Keep grocery bags in outside storage areas.

• Cockroaches breed prolifically in corrugated cardboard boxes. Discard unnecessary boxes immediately.

• Keep doors and windows shut.

• Keep screens in good repair to prevent cockroaches from entering your home.

• Check attic vents and make sure that large openings around outside drainage lines and sewer vents are screened or sealed. Use tightly packed steel wool as a temporary filler until openings can be sealed properly.

• Caulk cracks and gaps around doors and windows to help prevent cockroaches from entering your home.

• Children can transport cockroaches from school to home in book bags and lunch containers. Inspect these items regularly.

• Dwellings, such as apartments that are separated by a common wall are particularly

difficult situations. An infestation can migrate between apartments via the plumbing encased in a common wall. Therefore, cockroaches from one apartment can easily migrate to another apartment, infesting a “clean” dwelling. To help prevent this, caulk holes in common walls and around plumbing.

 

Elimination of Water Sources

 

Water is the most important factor in cockroach survival. German cockroaches can survive only 12 days with food but no water. However, if only water is present with no food, cockroaches can survive for about 42 days. Cockroaches often come indoors during periods of drought because they are looking for moisture. Eliminate water sources by doing the following:

• Tighten or patch leaky pipes in kitchen and bathroom areas.

• Do not let water stand in sinks for long periods of time.

• Do not over water indoor plants because accumulated water will be available to cockroaches.

• Empty pans under refrigerators used to catch water from condensation.

• Be aware that pet drinking dishes, aquaria, and pipe condensation (under sinks, in wall voids) can also be sources of moisture.

• Eliminate sources outside where water can collect, such as cans, tires, and tree holes.

 

Elimination of Food Sources

 

Cockroaches do not need large amounts of food to survive, especially in the presence of water. Furthermore, food sources can compete with cockroach baits, decreasing their effectiveness. Elimination of food sources includes:

• Store and dispose of garbage properly. The highest concentration of cockroaches in a home is usually around the garbage can and around the refrigerator.

• Seal garbage can lids to prevent cockroaches from accessing food sources. Also, keep garbage areas clean by wiping frequently.

• Dump sink strainers frequently to prevent food build up.

• Wash dishes immediately after use. Dishes left unwashed are a major source of food for a kitchen infestation.

• Keep kitchen appliances such as toasters, toaster ovens, microwaves, stoves, ovens, and refrigerators free of crumbs and other food debris. In addition, clean the areas around these appliances.

• Reseal all food after opening or store in the refrigerator.

• Seal pet food tightly. Do not leave food and water out all the time.

• Regularly vacuum or sweep under and around furniture where people eat, such as the dining room table. Vacuuming can also remove cockroach egg cases that will not be killed by insecticides. Remember to promptly dispose of the vacuum cleaner bag in an outdoor container.

 

Elimination of Harborages

 

In addition to food and moisture, cockroaches require a place to live. The cockroach harborage is critical to its survival. Cockroaches prefer dark places that are warm and moist. Places that provide tight spaces such as stacks of newspaper or cardboard, piles of clothing, or cracks and crevices in structures are ideal. Harborages not only provide a place for cockroaches to live, but the also can create “pesticide free” zones where cockroaches can hide if insecticides are selected as one tactic in the IPM program. Eliminate harborages by doing the following:

• Seal cracks and crevices. Adult cockroaches can fit into cracks only about 1/16 inch and prefer spaces of about 3/8 inch.

• Pull mulch away from the house. The large, outdoor cockroaches breed prolifically in pine straw mulch and poorly in gravel or on bare soil.

• Stack firewood off the ground and well away from the house.

• Fill tree holes with cement to remove this prime harborage area.

• Keep shrubbery and ornamentals well trimmed and away from the house. Ivy is a favorite breeding place for outdoor cockroaches.

• Keep clutter such as newspapers, bags, and clothing from accumulating.

 

Chemical Control

 

Use prevention and sanitation methods before and concurrently with chemical control tactics. The most commonly used chemical formulations for cockroach control are baits, sprays and dusts. While cockroach foggers are commonly seen in the marketplace, their effect is limited to the cockroaches that directly contact the fog. Thus, control is variable

and will not be discussed here.

 

Baits

 

Baits are most highly recommended because of their effectiveness and targeted application, decreasing unnecessary pesticide exposure. Baits usually come in granular formulations, plastic stations, or large syringes for gel applications. Bait for homeowner use can be found in Table 1. Baits for professional use can be found in Table 2.

• Apply granular formulations outside in plants and mulched areas.

• Bait stations are most effective when placed in corners where you suspect cockroaches are hiding or coming into your home.

• Get small stations for German cockroaches and large stations for the larger outdoor cockroaches.

• Place the gel in syringes in cracks and crevices around windows, doors, and any other suspected cockroach harborage, except in food handling areas.

• Never spray a liquid insecticide where baits have been applied. Liquid insecticides used in the vicinity of baits will repel cockroaches from the bait.

• Pest control operators have other baits in different forms that also provide long lasting control.

 

 

Sprays

 

• Greasy surfaces decrease the effectiveness of insecticide applications. Therefore, before

treating surfaces eliminate grease and oil by scrubbing with hot, soapy water.

• Generally, liquid sprays will not be effective when applied to wood surfaces such as cabinets and shelves.

• Insect growth regulators will take 4 to 6 weeks for a noticeable decrease in the population. But control is longer lasting than other contact insecticides because the cockroaches are no longer able to reproduce once exposed. Evidence on insect growth regulator exposure is twisted wings on the adult cockroaches and altered behavior. Expect to see more cockroaches during the day as a result of IGR use. Seeing more cockroaches after IGR use means the treatment is working.

• Apply materials to cracks and crevices where cockroaches live. These areas include cracks around pipes under sinks, around toilet bowls, around baseboards, and around appliances.

• Never spray around or into electrical outlets.

• Avoid spraying food preparation surfaces.

• Do not touch surfaces until dry (at least 4 hours).

• Some materials may damage carpets, tile, or plastics. Check the label before using any material on these surfaces.

• Outdoor products should be applied at the label rate to cracks and crevices where cockroaches are suspected of living or entering the home, such as door thresholds and window frames.

• A perimeter treatment along the base of the foundation wall, in cracks and crevices, and at points of entry into the home can also help control the larger outdoor cockroaches.

 

Dusts

 

Dusts are slow-acting but can give long lasting control. Boric acid is probably the most commonly used dust labeled for cockroach control. It is most effective indoors in clean, dry areas.

• Apply boric acid with a duster that puts out a thin film of dust.

• Apply dusts in hidden areas such as under refrigerators, stoves, sinks, wall voids, and other cracks and crevices.

• Do not apply dusts in open areas such as on shelves or counters where food and utensils are kept.

• Boric acid is highly toxic to plants and will discolor some fabrics.

• Other effective dust and borate products are available to pest control operators.

 

IPM Approach for Indoor Cockroaches

 

• Thoroughly vacuum and wipe the premises with hot soapy water.

• Place baits (gel and station type) according to label directions.

• Check baits monthly until populations decrease, then quarterly.

• Replace empty bait stations because they provide additional harborage for cockroaches when empty.

• If populations are very high, a “clean-out” using a liquid insecticide mixed with an insect growth regulator, such as hydroprene or pyriproxyfen, in cracks and crevices may be needed to knock down the initial population.

• Place baits in areas not treated with liquid insecticide or place baits 4 to 6 weeks after spraying.

 

An IPM Approach for Outdoor Cockroaches

 

• An 80 percent reduction in cockroach abundance was achieved using the following IPM approach.

• Only use a thin layer of mulch around the home that extends 1 foot out from the foundation. This will allow drying time and make conditions less conducive to cockroach survival.

• Apply control products within 3 feet of the home in pine straw, fallen leaves, or ivy, and next to other cockroach habitats such as garden borders, large rocks, or railroad ties. Always follow the label.

• Treat sheltered cracks and crevices such as porch corners, under ledges, in crawl space

gratings, and under garage doors. Baits or liquid products can be used, but not both at the same time in the same place.

    CHIKUNGUNYA FACT SHEET

1.      What is Chikungunya?

Chikungunya is an acute febrile infectious condition transmitted to humans by the bite of specific mosquitoes.

This disease was first detected in 1953 in Tanzania. Since then it has emerged as one of the main causes of disease outbreaks among human populations in African and Asian countries and of late affecting several locations in Europe.  It is currently endemic in most countries in the Sub Saharan region in Africa, India, South East Asia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

This is not an unknown mysterious disease.

 2.       What is the causing agent?

Chikungunya is a febrile illness caused by a virus from the genus Alphavirus in the Togaviridae family.

 3.      Is  the disease  infectious ?

Yes. The Chikungunya virus  spreads through the bite of an  Aedes albopictus  or  Aedes aegypti mosquito infected with the virus. The Aedes mosquito also  transmits the  dengue virus.

 4.      What is the incubation period for Chikungunya ?

The incubation period for Chikungunya can range from 3 to 12 days but usually it is about 3 to 7 days.

  5.      What are its signs and symptoms?

The usual  symptoms include:

·                    Sudden high fever

·                    Severe joint pains

·                    Redness with rashes occurring  on the body

·                    Headache

 

The fever  can  occur  for  a period  ranging  from  1 to 7 days (usually about  5 days).

 

Chikungunya  is commonly  mistaken  for  Dengue Fever  due their similar clinical  symptoms.

 6.      Can it cause death?

In Malaysia, Chikungunya  has  never been reported as  causing  haemorrhage (bleeding)  or  death. However, some patients  experience  prolonged  symptoms. 

Aged  patients could  suffer  from recurrent  joint aches  ranging  from  several  months to  a year.

 7.      What is the treatment  for this disease?   

     As in other viral infections there is no specific treatment for Chikungunya infection. Usually, it is treated symptomatically (treatment for specific symptoms as experienced by the patient).

Most patients need only outpatient treatment.

 

There is no vaccine available to prevent this disease.

 

 

8.      What  you need to do if you are  infected
 

If you experience signs and symptoms of Chikungunya infection, please   seek immediate medical advice from the nearest clinic or hospital. 

 9.      Prevention

 

·                    Keep your house and surrounding clean, free from Aedes mosquito breeding. This can be done through community-based activities, gotong-royong. There is evidence of no new case reported in areas where   gotong-royong is carried out.

·                    Check your house and surrounding at least once a week to ensure no Aedes breeding.

·                    Seek immediate  medical attention  from the nearest  clinic or hospital if you experience  signs and symptoms of Chikungunya. 

 10.    Can my area be affected?

Possible, due to the wide spread presents of this disease vectors (mosquitoes), namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in this country.

 11.    Current situation
 

Please refer to the press statement.

 

 12.    Actions taken by Ministry of Health 

The Ministry of Health has taken several proactive measures to effectively contain and manage this disease:

·                    Active case detection

·                    Aedes survey

·                    Adult mosquito destruction by fogging and ULV

·                    Gotong-royong

·                    Health promotion

 

As a result, the outbreak has been contained  and restricted only to the affected localities.

 

For further information please contact:

Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC)

Disease Control Division

Ministry of Health Malaysia

Level 3, Block E10, Parcel E

Federal Government Administrative Centre

62590 Putrajaya

Tel. no.: 03-8881 0600 / 03-8881 0700

Website: www.moh.gov.my

 

PLEASE FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN BY

Prepared by: Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia

 

HEALTH PERSONNEL

Denggi

 Apa itu Demam Denggi?

Demam denggi ialah sejenis penyakit bawaan nyamuk yang menjadi masalah utama kesihatan awam antarabangsa dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Jenis demam denggi yang lebih merbahaya ialah demam denggi berdarah. Ia merupakan punca utama kematian kanak-kanak di kebanyakan negara hari ini. Demam denggi dibawa oleh nyamuk Aedes kepada manusia melalui gigitannya.

Bagaimanakah penyakit ini merebak?

Sesiapa sahaja yang digigit nyamuk yang membawa kuman virus denggi menghadapi risiko yang lebih tinggi mendapat denggi. Demam denggi menyerupai demam selsema dan ciri klinikalnya berbeza-beza mengikut umur pesakit.

Pemindahan penyakit:

·         Virus denggi dipindahkan kepada manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes yang membawa virus denggi.

·         Nyamuk berupaya menyebarkan penyakit berkenaan dalam jangka masa 8 – 12 hari selepas menghisap darah manusia (perumah).

·         Nyamuk betina yang dijangkiti virus denggi boleh memindahkan virus tersebut ke generasi seterusnya melalui pemindahan transovarial (melalui ovari).

·         Manusia masih merupakan perumah gandaan utama bagi virus denggi walaupun terdapat kajian menunjukkan di beberapa bahagian tertentu di dunia, monyet boleh dijangkiti dan menjadi sumber virus bagi nyamuk yang belum dijangkiti.

·         Virus denggi dari perumah pertama (mangsa pertama) hanya dapat menjangkiti/dipindahkan ke perumah kedua 18 jam sebelum suhu badan meningkat dan sekurang-kurangnya 3 hari selepas timbulnya gejala penyakit.

 Bagaimanakah terjadinya demam denggi?

Vektor demam denggi adalah nyamuk Aedes betina.

Nyamuk yang telah dijangkiti membawa virus denggi di dalam badannya. Virus ini kemudiannya dipindahkan kepada manusia semasa proses menghisap darah. Sebaik sahaja seseorang itu digigit, virus denggi akan memasuki dan beredar di dalam aliran darahnya, maka bermulalah penyakit ini.

 Apakah penyebab demam denggi?

 Penyakit demam denggi berpunca dari 4 jenis virus denggi yang dipindahkan kepada manusia melalui nyamuk Aedes yang telah dijangkiti.

Pada asasnya terdapat 4 jenis virus denggi iaitu flavivirus DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 dan DEN-4. Semua nyamuk Aedes berupaya bertindak sebagai vektor virus denggi sebelum memindahkannya kepada manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, vektor utama virus ini ialah nyamuk Aedes Aegypti. Vektor lain adalah seperti nyamuk Aedes Albopictus yang merupakan vektor virus denggi di kawasan bandar.

Kumpulan yang berisiko tinggi mendapat penyakit denggi ialah:

• Penduduk dan pelawat kawasan endemik denggi.
• Kanak-kanak berumur 15 tahun ke bawah. Penyakit ini menjadi lebih teruk dan sering membawa kematian kepada kumpulan ini.

Bagaimanakah kedudukan penyakit ini?

 Kadar insidens demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah di Malaysia adalah masing-masing 118.3 dan 5.1 bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk. Manakala kadar kematian atau mortaliti demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah pada tahun 1998 adalah masing-masing 0.22 dan 0.23 bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk.

 Insidens global demam denggi telah meningkat dengan mendadak dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini. Kini demam denggi merupakan endemik di lebih 100 buah negara rantau Afrika, Amerika, Mediterranean Timur, Asia Tenggara dan Pasifik Barat Sebelum tahun 1970, hanya sembilan buah negara mengalami epidemik denggi. Bilangan yang merupakan peningkatan 4 kali ganda di sekurang-kurangnya 41 buah negara dalam tahun 1995. Perangkaan yang lain adalah seperti di bawah . Seramai 2500 juta manusia – iaitu 2/5 penduduk dunia – sekarang ini menghadapi risiko demam denggi. Tanpa rawatan yang bersesuaian, kadar kematian akibat demam denggi berdarah mencapai 15% atau lebih

 Demam Denggi

 Ciri-ciri klinikal demam denggi berubah-ubah mengikut umur pesakit:

·         Bayi dan kanak-kanak mungkin mengalami demam yang sukar dibeza-bezakan beserta dengan kemunculan ruam.

·         Orang dewasa dan kanak-kanak yang lebih tua mungkin mengalami sama ada sindrom demam yang tidak serius ataupun demam kuat yang mengejut, sakit kepala yang teruk, ruam dan sakit di belakang mata, otot dan sendi.

·         Pendarahan kulit adalah fenomena lazim.

·         Kadar kematian amat rendah.

·         Demam Denggi Berdarah.

·         Sindrom Renjatan Denggi.

Apakah ujian-ujian yang boleh dilakukan untuk mengesan penyakit ini?

·         Pemeriksaan darah digunakan untuk membantu dalam diagnosis demam denggi. Kiraan sel platlet yang rendah (trombositopenia) dan kepekatan hematokrit (hemokonsentrasi) yang tinggi lazimnya dikesan.

·         Ujian serologi menawarkan kaedah yang paling cepat dan ringkas untuk mengesahkan diagnosis klinikal demam denggi. Pengasingan virus merupakan kaedah diagnosis yang paling boleh dipercayai.

Apakah rawatan yang diberi untuk demam denggi?

·         Tiada rawatan khusus untuk demam denggi.

·         Penyakit ini lazimnya bermula dengan peningkatan suhu badan yang mendadak, diikuti gejala-gejala lain yang tidak khusus seperti merah muka dan lain-lain gejala demam denggi yang tidak spesifik.

·         Rasa tidak selesa di bahagian ulu hati (epigastrik), sensitif di bahagian rusuk kanan dan sakit di bahagian abdomen merupakan fenomena biasa demam denggi berdarah.

·         Demam selalunya berterusan selama 2-7 hari dan suhu badan boleh meningkat setinggi 40-41oC dan mungkin diikuti dengan kekejangan dan pendarahan.

·         Dalam kes-kes yang sederhana teruk, selalunya semua tanda dan gejala penyakit hilang selepas demam sembuh.

·         Pesakit biasanya sembuh secara spontan atau selepas diberi terapi cecair dan elektrolit (ion berasingan seperti natrium, klorida, potasium, bikarbonat dan lain-lain)

 Sindrom Renjatan Denggi

 Bagi kes-kes yang serius, keadaan pesakit merosot dengan mendadak selepas demam beberapa hari. Tanda-tanda kegagalan peredaran darah dapat dilihat:

Kulit pesakit menjadi dingin, lebam dan padat dengan darah terkumpul, sianosis sirkumoral (circumoral cyanosis) dan pesakit merasa tidak selesa. Seterusnya, melarat ke tahap renjatan yang kritikal.

Renjatan dicirikan oleh denyutan nadi yang lemah dan cepat, tekanan darah rendah (hipotensi)(keadaan ini menurun secara tidak normal), kulit menjadi dingin serta lembap dan terasa tidak selesa. Pesakit yang mengalami renjatan adalah dalam keadaan bahaya dan boleh mengancam nyawa jika rawatan bersesuaian tidak diberikan segera. Jangka masa renjatan adalah pendek. Pesakit mungkin meninggal dunia dalam tempoh 12 – 24 jam atau sembuh dengan cepat selepas diberi terapi antirenjatan.

 Apakah komplikasi yang mungkin timbul?

 Komplikasi demam denggi ialah:

• Dalam kes demam denggi dengan atau tanpa renjatan, cecair yang diberi secara oral sudah memadai untuk menggantikan kehilangan cecair badan akibat demam kuat, anoreksia dan muntah-muntah.
• Ubat antipiretik mungkin boleh digunakan untuk meredakan demam. Walau bagaimanapun, salisilat (sebatian yang mengandungi analgesik untuk melegakan kesakitan, antipyresis – mengurangkan demam dengan menurunkan suhu badan dan aktiviti anti keradangan seperti aspirin) perlu dielakkan kerana ia diketahui boleh menyebabkan pendarahan. Pesakit perlu diawasi dengan rapi bagi mengesan tanda-tanda awal renjatan.
• Untuk pesakit-pesakit sindrom renjatan denggi, penggantian awal dan segera plasma yang hilang dengan plasma, penambah plasma dan/atau larutan elektrolit dan cecair akan menghasilkan kesan yang menggalakkan.

Rawatan bukan farmakologi

 

 

Rawatan termasuk:

• Meningkatkan pengambilan cecair.
• Meningkatkan bekalan oksigen.

Pesakit demam denggi perlu berehat dan minum lebih banyak air untuk segera sembuh. Pesakit yang mengalami renjatan ketika demam perlu diberi cecair secara intravena (melalui salur darah vena). Oksigen juga perlu diberikan. Untuk pesakit demam denggi berdarah, penggantian cecair badan yang hilang mungkin mampu menyelamatkan nyawanya. Bagi sesetengah kes, pemindahan darah perlu dilakukan bagi mengawal pendarahan.

Rawatan farmakologi

 Apakah jenis pemantauan yang perlu dibuat?

 Apabila sahaja pesakit disahkan mendapat demam denggi adalah menjadi tanggung jawab doktor yang merawat untuk memaklumkan kepada pihak berkuasa kesihatan mengenai perkara ini kerana denggi merupakan penyakit yang perlu dilaporkan. Laporan ini penting supaya tindakan lanjutan seperti di bawah ini dapat dijalankan:

• Kawasan dan persekitaran di mana pesakit disyaki dijangkiti perlu dilakukan pengasapan (fogging) oleh pihak berkuasa.
• Memantau kawasan yang menjadi tempat pembiakan nyamuk aedes supaya ianya tidak merebak ke tempat lain. Jika tempat pembiakan ditemui pemilik rumah akan didenda.
• Apabila pesakit telah keluar dari hospital, beliau dan ahli keluarganya perlu mengambil langkah-langkah pencegahan dan bertindak untuk mencegah penyakit ini dari berulang. Ini kerana pesakit yang pernah mengalami denggi jika ia mendapat semula penyakit ini, kesannya adalah amat teruk.

Apakah prognosis bagi demam denggi?

 Pada umumnya, prognosis bagi demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah adalah baik jika rawatan sokongan diberi lebih awal.

 Adakah terdapat kaedah saringan tertentu atau suntikan untuk denggi?

 

Malang sekali, vaksin untuk penyakit denggi masih belum ada. Namun begitu, beberapa kemajuan telah dicapai dalam proses penghasilan vaksin yang mampu melindungi manusia dari keempat-empat jenis virus denggi. Produk berkenaan mungkin boleh didapati di pasaran dalam beberapa tahun lagi.

• Perlindungan dari gigitan nyamuk.
• Elak dari melawat atau berkunjung ke kawasan berisiko tinggi pada siang hari.
• Musnahkan tempat-tempat pembiakan nyamuk.
• Hapuskan nyamuk Aedes dewasa.

Lindungi diri anda dari gigitan nyamuk

Untuk mengelak dari gigitan nyamuk, seseorang itu perlulah mengetahui tabiat makan nyamuk dan menggunakan bahan penghindar nyamuk pada kulit yang terdedah apabila perlu. Pakai pakaian yang menutupi kebanyakan bahagian tubuh kerana ini boleh melindungi dari gigitan nyamuk. Pasangkan jaring nyamuk dan skrin pada tingkap untuk mencegah nyamuk dari memasuki rumah.

 Elakkan dari membuat lawatan ke kawasan berisiko tinggi di waktu siang

Jalan terbaik ialah mengelak dari bertandang ke kawasan berisiko (kawasan bandar) di siang hari. Ini adalah kerana nyamuk Aedes bukanlah serangga malam. Waktu puncak ia mencari makan ialah di awal pagi dan awal senja.

Musnahkan tempat pembiakan nyamuk

Cara lain untuk mencegah denggi ialah dengan memusnahkan tempat pembiakan nyamuk. Nyamuk Aedes membiak dalam tempat-tempat takungan air seperti tayar buruk dan bekas menyimpan air. Anda juga perlu selalu menukar air dalam pasu bunga dan bekas air minum haiwan peliharaan untuk mencegah nyamuk dari membiak. Apa yang anda dan keluarga perlu lakukan ialah:

·         Tutup dengan rapat semua bekas air seperti baldi, bejana air dan tong-tong atau masukkan ubat pembunuh jentik-jentik ke dalamnya.

·         Salin air dalam jambangan bunga setiap minggu.

·         Buangkan air dan basuh pengalas pasu bunga setiap minggu.

·         Periksa saluran air hujan (saluran bumbung) setiap minggu dan buang daun-daun kayu atau sampah sarap lain yang menyekat aliran air.

·         Bersihkan persekitaran rumah anda. Buangkan semua bekas atau benda yang boleh menakung air seperti tin-tin kosong dan botol ke dalam beg plastik dan letakkan dalam tong sampah yang bertutup.

Hapuskan nyamuk Aedes dewasa

Anda boleh menggunakan penyembur serangga bagi membunuh nyamuk dewasa di dalam rumah. Melakukan semburan menyeluruh bahagian rumah. Untuk lebih berkesan, semburan perlulah dilakukan ke seluruh bahagian dalam rumah. Anda juga boleh menggunakan ubat nyamuk untuk mengelakkan anda dan keluarga dari digigit nyamuk.